🇦🇺 Australia · Citizenship
Naturalization and citizenship-by-investment: residence years, language and civics tests, dual-citizenship rules, and multi-passport planning.
Quick answer
Australian citizenship generally requires four years of lawful residence including at least one year as a permanent resident, good character, and passing a citizenship test. Australia allows dual citizenship.
Australian citizenship by conferral is generally available to permanent residents who meet the residence requirement — usually four years' lawful residence in Australia including the last 12 months as a permanent resident, with limited absences — and who are of good character, pass the citizenship test and intend to live in or keep a close link with Australia. The Department of Home Affairs administers citizenship and Australia permits dual citizenship.
- Residence: usually four years' lawful residence incl. the last 12 months as a PR, with no more than 12 months' total absence (90 days in the final year). Use the Residence Calculator.
- Most applicants (aged 18–59) must pass the citizenship test on Australia's values, history and government.
- Good character and an intention to live in or maintain a close association with Australia are required.
- Australia permits dual citizenship; check your current country's rules.
Official authorities
- Australian citizenship (Department of Home Affairs)
Official citizenship pathways and how to apply.
- Residence Calculator (Home Affairs)
Check whether you meet the residence requirement.
Frequently asked questions
How long must I live in Australia to become a citizen?
Generally four years of lawful residence, including at least the final 12 months as a permanent resident.
Is there a citizenship test?
Yes — most applicants take a test on Australian values, history and government, and attend a citizenship ceremony.
Does Australia allow dual citizenship?
Yes — Australia permits dual or multiple citizenship.
Official-information aggregation, not legal advice. Always verify on the authority's own site.
Government portals
- Australian Government — Australian Government's official entry point — quick access to all department services
- Dept of Home Affairs — Student/work visas, skilled migration (189/190/491 subclasses), and citizenship applications
- Australian Tax Office (ATO) — TFN application, tax refunds, GST, superannuation, and personal income tax lodgment